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  • Plume$B$NBg5,LO12<~JU$KH/@8$9$k(J2$B$B!!(J38$B!!(J757-763$B!!(J(12)
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  • Saturation Point$B!JK0OBE@!K!!!!CfB<98;0(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J340$B!!(J(6)
  • non-local closure$B!JHs6I=jE*%/%m!<%8%c!$B!!(J36$B!!(J688$B!!(J(11)
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  • Symmetric Instability$B!JBP>NIT0BDj!K!!snF#Dj(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J113$B!!(J(2)
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  • $BBg5$Bg=[4D%b%G%k$K$h$kJ*]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!LZED=($B!!(J33$B!!(J83-88$B!!(J(3)
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  • FGGE IIIb$B%G!<%?$NLdBjE@!](JECMWF$B$H(JGFDL$B$N!V(Jmain IIIb$B!W%G!<%?$K$D$$$F!]!!A}ED9L0l(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J5-19$B!!(J(1)
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  • TOGA$B!J(JTropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere$B!K!aG.BS3$MN$*$h$SA45eBg5$JQF0$N8&5f7W2h$N8=>u$H:#8e$N?JE8$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J233-235$B!!(J(5)
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  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!(JENSO$B%b%G%k8&5f$N:G6a$NH/E8!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J519-522$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!(J30$B!](J40$BF|<~4|?6F0$K4X$9$k?tCMM2p(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J522-524$B!!(J(10)
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  • 30$B!A(J60$BF|<~4|JQF0$N$B!!(J34$B!!(J269-272$B!!(J(4)
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  • $B7nNc2q!VD94|M=Js$HBg5$Bg=[4D!W$NJs9p(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J20-22$B!!(J(1)
  • Mike Wallace$B!!$NCf4V;n83!VBg5$Bg=[4D!W!!M>ED@.CK(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J109-110$B!!(J(2)
  • Mike Wallace$B!!$NCf4V;n83!VBg5$Bg=[4D!W2rEz!!M>ED@.CK(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J198-199$B!!(J(3)
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  • GEWEX$B!JA4CO5e%(%M%k%.!$B!!(J37$B!!(J490$B!!(J(7)
  • TOGA-COARE Workshop $B$H(J TOGA-SSG 9$B$NJs9p!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J773-774$B!!(J(11)
  • GPCP$B!JA45e9_?e5$8u7W2h!K!!BgLn5WM:(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J796$B!!(J(12)
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  • $B7nNc2q!VD94|M=Js$HBg=[4D!W$NJs9p!!9)F#C#Li$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J49-51$B!!(J(1)
  • $B!V%(%k%K!<%K%g!&FnJ}?6F0$K4X$9$kF|JF%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W!J(J1990$BG/(J9$B7n(J10$BF|!A(J14$BF|!"JF9q%7%"%H%k!K$K;22C$7$F!!Cf_7E/IW$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J623-627$B!!(J(10)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VC:AG=[4D$NFf$r9M$($k!]2=@PG3NA$+$i=P$?(JCO2$B$O$I$3$X9T$C$?$+!W$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!Bg5$!]3$MN!]N&>e@8BV7OC:AG=[4D$N4JN,%b%G%j%s%0$N;n$_!!>>LnB@O:(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J131-137$B!!(J(3)
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  • $B%b%G%kAj8_Hf3S$B!!(J39$B!!(J673-677$B!!(J(11)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


104.$BAm4Q5$>]!J;~7ONs$r4^$`!K(J

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$B!vO@J8(J
  • 500$B#m#bJP:9%Q%?!<%s$N;}B3@-$HN`;w@-!!9S0f9/(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J151-155$B!!(J(2)
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  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!!V%0%m!<%P%k?e=[4D$H%"%8%"!W!!(J3$B!!El%"%8%"4%AgCO0h<~JU$N?e=[4D!!2CF#FbB"?J$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J408-413$B!!(J(7)
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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


1041.$BAm4Q5,LO$NIw(J

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  • $BKLBg@>MN>e$N4(5$$NFn2<$H%+%k%^%s12!!LZB$B!!(J31$B!!(J190$B!!(J(3)
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  • $B6Z>u8(1@$NAv8~$H>eAXIw!!Gr0f5*0lO:(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J199-200$B!!(J(4)


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1042.$BAm4Q5,LO$N9_?e(J

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  • $BCf9q5(@aIw6h$N9k1+$N?e>x5$8;!!2+I,A*(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J111-118$B!!(J(3)
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  • $B@E;_5$>]1R@1!J(JGMS$B!K$N6u4VJ?6Q%G!<%?$K$h$k9_?eNL$N?dDj!!CfB$B!!(J32$B!!(J565-572$B!!(J(10)
  • $BE_7?9_?e$K5Z$\$9F|K\3$3$LL?e29$N1F6A!!Cf9>>M9@(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J271-278$B!!(J(5)
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  • $BCf9qBgN&>e$NG_1+A0@~BS$NFCD'!!2CF#FbB"?J(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J333-335$B!!(J(6)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s!WJs9p!!(J3$B!!Cf9q2+2ON.0h$N9_?eNL$NG/!9JQF0$H%"%8%"%b%s%9!<%s$H$N4X78!!EDCf$B!!(J34$B!!(J693-695$B!!(J(11)
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  • $B0-E78u$rH<$&Cf>.5,LO>qMp$N8&5f!]H/E8$N7P2a$H$o$l$o$l$NH?>J!]!!Fs5\^+;0(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1101-1112$B!!(J(11)
  • $B1@$r$D$+$`OC8=BeHG!]>.AR5A8w(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J61-75$B!!(J(2)
  • $B5$>]!"5$8u$K$*$1$k5)8=>]$N2r@O!!NkLZ1I0l(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J649-665$B!!(J(12)
  • $B%a%=5$>]3X$N3+Bs!](J1990$BG/EYF#86>^^5-G09V1i!]!!F#EDE/Li(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J803-807$B!!(J(12)
  • $B2f9q$N?tCMM=Js%7%9%F%`$N8=>u!J(J3$B!K!!69NN0h%b%G%k$N35MW!!@%>eE/=((J$B!!(J38$B!!(J93-102$B!!(J(2)
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  • $BBPN.3hF0$K5Z$\$9COI=LL2CG.$N1F6A!]?tCM%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!]!!BgLn5WM:!&;34_JFFsO:(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J553-563$B!!(J(9)
  • $B4(NdA0@~IU6a$N6/IwBS$H<>@e$N9=B$!!NOIp91M:(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J249-257$B!!(J(5)
  • 1983$BG/(J7$B7n(J27$BF|$KIY;36u9A$GH/@8$7$?(Jmicroburst$B!!Cf;3>O!&0K4X$B!!(J32$B!!(J329-332$B!!(J(6)
  • 10$BJ,4V9_?eNL$G$_$?D9:j9k1+$N9=B$!!9S@88xM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J17-26$B!!(J(1)
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  • $BD9:j9k1+$K4p$E$/6/1+$N(J10$BJ,4V1+NLJ,I[%b%G%k!!9S@88xM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J271-273$B!!(J(6)
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  • Horton $B<0$K4p$E$/!V(J10$BJ,4V1+NLJ,I[%b%G%k!W!!7,861QIW(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J103-107$B!!(J(2)
  • $B6/Iw:R32$r$b$?$i$7$?2<9_N.FMIw$N;vNc2r@O!!>.857ICK(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J633-642$B!!(J(10)
  • $BKL3$F;@>4_BS>u<}B+1@$N%I%C%W%i!<%l!<%@!<4QB,!J(JI$B!K!]29CHA0@~7?!]!!F#5H9/;V$[$+(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J427-439$B!!(J(7)
  • $BE_5(KL3$F;@>4_$K7A@.$5$l$k<}B+BS$N?tCM$B!!(J35$B!!(J723-729$B!!(J(12)
  • 1983$BG/(J9$B7n(J6$BF|$NJ!2,;T$K$*$1$k9k1+$NFCD'!J(J1$B!K!]%"%a%@%9;qNA$r$B!!(J36$B!!(J121-126$B!!(J(3)
  • 1983$BG/(J9$B7n(J6$BF|$NJ!2,;T$K$*$1$k9k1+$NFCD'!J(J2$B!K!]%l!<%@%(%3!<$r$B!!(J36$B!!(J127-133$B!!(J(3)
  • $B$B!!(J36$B!!(J499-507$B!!(J(8)
  • 1984$BG/(J4$B7n(J19$BF|$K!"@gBfIU6a$rCf?4$H$7$?ElKLCOJ}$K5/$C$?CO>e5$29$N9_2<8=>]$K$D$$$F!!2,K\Mx$B!!(J36$B!!(J631-641$B!!(J(10)
  • $BG_1+$H=)1+$N9_1+NL$N5UAj4X$K$D$$$F!!M'ED9%J8!&66K\OBLi(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J483-486$B!!(J(7)
  • $B6/$$FMIw$rH<$C$?4(5$!JCD!KFbDc5$05!!;34_JFFsO:$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J27-36$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B1@%P%s%IFb$N9_1+0h$N0\F0!!CfB$B!!(J29$B!!(J1060$B!!(J(10)
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  • 38$B9k@c5Z$S;3@c7?$NFCD'$K$D$$$F!!Fb;3J8IW(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1049-1050$B!!(J(10)
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  • $B9_@Q@c>pJs%7%9%F%`$H9k@c!!LZB$B!!(J29$B!!(J1052-1057$B!!(J(10)
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  • $BE_4|F|K\3$$K$*$1$k(J3$B$B!!(J29$B!!(J1159-1160$B!!(J(11)
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  • $B7c$7$$BPN.7O$H%I%C%W%i!<%l!<%@!$B!!(J35$B!!(J63-64$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B3$LL?e29$H%a%=5$>]!!9S@n@50l(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J353-360$B!!(J(6)
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  • WINTER ICING AND STORM PROJECT $B$K;22C$7$F!](JNCAR $BBZ:_5-!]!!B<>e@5N4(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J171-173$B!!(J(3)
  • $B9_?e$rH<$&Cf>.5,LO8=>]!!(JI.$B?tCM$B!!(J38$B!!(J325-330$B!!(J(5)
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  • $B%a%=BPN.7O$N9=B$$HAH?%2=$K5Z$\$94D6-$N1F6A!!>.AR5A8w(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J439-465$B!!(J(7)
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  • $BDdBSA0@~>e$N9k1+$rH<$&Cf5,LO$8$g$&Mp$N2r@O!](J1980$B!%(J8$B!%(J30$B!A(J31$B!]!!EOIt9@>O(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J93-101$B!!(J(2)
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  • $BE_4|F|K\3$$K$*$1$kBS>u1@$N%a%=9=B$!]7]D4::%0%k!<%W(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J237-248$B!!(J(4)
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  • $BEg:,8)Fn@>It$N9k1+$N2r@O!]>O!&7*86OBIW(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J615-624$B!!(J(10)
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  • $B29BSDc5$05$KH<$&(JCloud Band$BIU6a$NBg5$1?F0$NFCD'!!EOJUL@$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J203-208$B!!(J(3)
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  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V!I$I$+@c!I!]F|K\3$$K$*$1$kCf>.5,LO$8$g$&Mp!W$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!F|K\3$>e$N<}B+1@$N?tCM$B!!(J35$B!!(J151-155$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V!I$I$+@c!I!]F|K\3$$K$*$1$kCf>.5,LO$8$g$&Mp!W$NJs9p!!(J5$B!!F|K\3$9k@c$NCf5,LOE*MMAj!!@u0fIZM:(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J156-161$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V!I$I$+@c!I!]F|K\3$$K$*$1$kCf>.5,LO$8$g$&Mp!W$NJs9p!!F$O@5Z$SAm9gF$O@$N5-O?$H$"$H$,$-!!>eEDGn$[$+(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J161-165$B!!(J(3)
  • LLJ$B!J2$B!!(J36$B!!(J325-326$B!!(J(5)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!(J2.$B!!=8Cf9k1+$NM=B,$K$D$$$F!!h_G<;{?.?r(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J288-294$B!!(J(5)
  • $B7nNc2q!VBh(J1$B2s%a%=5$>]8&5f2q!W$NJs9p!!5H:j@57{$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J711-713$B!!(J(11)
  • $B!V<}B+1@!W$K$D$$$F!J>.AR;a$N%3%a%s%H$rFI$s$G!K!!2,NS=SM:(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J643-644$B!!(J(10)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


1052.$B9k1+!"Mk1+(J

$B!vO@J8(J

  • $BF|K\$G5/$j$&$k:GBgC;;~4V1+NL$K$D$$$F!!7,861QIW(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J711-719$B!!(J(7)
  • 1979$BG/(J7$B7n(J15$BF|$N7'K\8)>>Eg!"H,Be$N9k1+$N2r@O!!;38}1I$B!!(J30$B!!(J41-50$B!!(J(1)
  • $BDdBSA0@~>e$N9k1+$rH<$&Cf5,LO$8$g$&Mp$N2r@O!](J1980$B!%(J8$B!%(J30$B!A(J31$B!]!!EOIt9@>O(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J93-101$B!!(J(2)
  • $BG=EPH>Eg$H:4EOEg$r1*2s$79gN.$9$k@c1@$NN.$l!]>e1[COJ}$NBg@c$K4XO"$7$F!]!!H,LZ@50t!&Fb;3NI;R(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J291-294$B!!(J(6)
  • $BBPN.3hF0$K5Z$\$9COI=LL2CG.$N1F6A!]?tCM%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!]!!BgLn5WM:!&;34_JFFsO:(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J553-563$B!!(J(9)
  • $B@E;_5$>]1R@1%G!<%?$+$i$_$?D9:j9k1+!!D9C+@nN4;J!&Fs5\^+;0(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J565-572$B!!(J(9)
  • $BCf9qCOJ}$K$*$1$kG_1+4|$N9k1+7ABV$H:R32$H$N4X78!!:,;3K'@2(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J633-637$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>O(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J739-746$B!!(J(12)
  • $BBfIw(J8218$B9f$K$h$kElKLCOJ}$N;3$,$1Jx$l$H9_?eFC@-$H$NBP1~@-!!?eLnNL(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J573-580$B!!(J(10)
  • 10$BJ,4V9_?eNL$G$_$?D9:j9k1+$N9=B$!!9S@88xM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J17-26$B!!(J(1)
  • $BD9:j9k1+$K4p$E$/6/1+$N(J10$BJ,4V1+NLJ,I[%b%G%k!!9S@88xM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J271-273$B!!(J(6)
  • $B%l!<%@!<$K$h$k>.>><~JU$NE_5(Mk$N8&5f!!F;K\8w0lO:$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J445-452$B!!(J(9)
  • 10$BJ,1+NL%G!<%?$N$_$K$h$k9k1+$N8!CN$HC;;~4V:GBg1+NL$NM=A[!!1v7nA1@2(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J585-592$B!!(J(11)
  • $BBS>u%(%3!<$NCf$GH/C#$7$?BPN.1@$N%l!<%@!<%(%3!<$NFCD'!!!](J1985$BG/(J6$B7n(J23$BF|!"KLIt6e=#$?$D4,H/@8$r$B!!(J34$B!!(J29-43$B!!(J(1)
  • 2$BBf$N%I%C%W%i!<%l!<%@!<$K$h$C$F4QB,$5$l$?4XElCOJ}$NMk1@$NFbIt9=B$!!@P86@5?N$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J321-332$B!!(J(5)
  • $B@V30@~%G!<%?$r2hAGC10L$G$_$?D9:j9k1+$N9=B$!!>>D99bM:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J385-396$B!!(J(6)
  • $BEg:,8)Fn@>It$N9k1+$N2r@O!]>O!&7*86OBIW(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J615-624$B!!(J(10)
  • $B9-Eg86Gz8e$N!I9u$$1+!I$O$I$3$^$G9_$C$?$+!!A}EDA1?.(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J69-79$B!!(J(2)
  • 1986$BG/(J7$B7n(J10$BF|$B!!(J36$B!!(J207-213$B!!(J(4)
  • $B%O%$%(%H%0%i%U$rMxMQ$7$?C;;~4V1+NLM=B,$N;n$_!!1v7nA1@2(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J449-459$B!!(J(7)
  • $B!VEg:,8)@>It$N9k1+$N2r@O!W$ND{@5$K$D$$$F!!EOIt9@>O!&7*86OBIW(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J595$B!!(J(9)
  • $BBgDE$K$*$1$k2F$NMk1@$N%l!<%@!<4QB,7k2L!J(JI$B!KIT5,B'$JB?=E%;%k7?Mk1@!!C]FbMxM:$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J45-50$B!!(J(1)
  • $BBgDE$K$*$1$k2F$NMk1@$N%l!<%@!<4QB,7k2L!J(JII$B!K%l!<%@!<$K$h$kMnMkE@$NM=B,!!C]FbMxM:$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J51-53$B!!(J(1)
  • $BBgDE$K$*$1$k2F$NMk1@$N%l!<%@!<4QB,7k2L!J(JIII$B!K5pBg%;%k7?Mk1@!!C]FbMxM:$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J57-60$B!!(J(1)
  • $BN%N&3jAvCf$KAx6x$7$?%^%$%/%m!&%P!<%9%H$N2r@O!!Cf;3>O!&@D;32mE5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J421-429$B!!(J(6)
  • 1988$BG/(J7$B7n(J15$BF|$NIMED;TIU6a$N=8Cf9k1+$NFC@-!!IMED<~:n(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J527-530$B!!(J(8)
  • $B=8Cf9k1+H/@8D>A0$NCO>e?eJ??e>x5$<}B+>l$N>uBV!!JFC+91=U$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J209-217$B!!(J(4)
  • $BEg:,8)@>It$N9k1+$N2r@O!]>O!&J?86N4$B!!(J38$B!!(J433-440$B!!(J(7)
  • $BMnMkIQEY$G$_$?2F5(!"E_5($NMk3hF0!!2O:jA10lO:$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J89-95$B!!(J(2)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • GMS$B$N@V30%G!<%?$H29BSDc5$05$KH<$&9_1+J,I[!!>>D99bM:(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J613-616$B!!(J(12)
  • $B>.5,LO$8$g$&Mp$K$D$$$F!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!%"%a%@%9$NIw$rMxMQ$7$?9_1+$N$B!!(J32$B!!(J226-229$B!!(J(5)
  • $B9k1+$K4X$9$k(JWorkshop$B$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J579-584$B!!(J(11)
  • $B1+$NC;;~4VM=Js!!C]B<9TM:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J229-238$B!!(J(4)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V1@$HJ|$B!!(J36$B!!(J407-412$B!!(J(7)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!(J1.$B!!=8Cf9k1+$N2r@O$H%a%+%K%:%`!!>.AR5A8w(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J276-288$B!!(J(5)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!(J2.$B!!=8Cf9k1+$NM=B,$K$D$$$F!!h_G<;{?.?r(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J288-294$B!!(J(5)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!M>ED@.CK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(J38 275-276,301-304$B!!(J(5)
  • $B7nNc2q!V%l!<%@!<5$>]!W$NJs9p!!EDH*L@$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J509-512$B!!(J(8)
  • $BKL3$F;C@?6CfIt$N9k1+!!Bg@nN4(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J649-653$B!!(J(10)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


1053.$BN54,(J

$B!vO@J8(J

  • $BBfIw$KH<$&N54,$K$D$$$F!!>.857ICK(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J967-980$B!!(J(9)
  • $BBS>u%(%3!<$NCf$GH/C#$7$?BPN.1@$N%l!<%@!<%(%3!<$NFCD'!!!](J1985$BG/(J6$B7n(J23$BF|!"KLIt6e=#$?$D4,H/@8$r$B!!(J34$B!!(J29-43$B!!(J(1)
  • $B;%KZIU6a$KH/@8$7$?9_p;$HN54,!!5FCO>!90$[$+(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J215-217$B!!(J(4)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $BBgJ?MN>e$KH/@8$7$?N54,!!O!K\9@;V(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1092-1093$B!!(J(10)
  • $BBfIw!J(J8310$B9f!K$KH<$&$?$D4,!!Cg5HNI8y(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J147-148$B!!(J(2)
  • 1990$BG/(J10$B7n(J9$BF|$N1s=#Fg$N$?$D$^$-!!?7Ln9((J$B!!(J38$B!!(J$B%+%i!
  • $B%l!<%@!<$,$H$i$($?(J1990$BG/(J12$B7n(J11$BF|@iMU8)$NN54,$N?F1@$NFC@-!!NkLZ=$!&?7Ln9((J$B!!(J38$B!!(J$B%+%i!


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


106.$B6K5$>](J

$B!v2r@b(J
  • $B$o$,9q$N5$8uJQF08&5f7W2h!J(JWCRP$B!K!!(J7$B!"Fn6K5$8u8&5f7W2h!!@$3&5$8u>.0Q0w2q(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J767-771$B!!(J(8)
  • $BFn6K$K$*$1$kJ|$B!!(J30$B!!(J427-445$B!!(J(9)
  • $B!cFC=8!dFn6K%*%>%s%[!<%k!!NSED:4CR;R$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J63-68$B!!(J(1)
  • $B%*%>%s$NFn6K0h=U5(8:>/!]%*%>%s!&%[!<%k!!>.@nMx9I!&$B!!(J34$B!!(J431-440$B!!(J(7)
  • $BFn6K$K$*$1$k5$>]8&5f!]>^^5-G09V1i!]!!@n8}DgCK(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J751-757$B!!(J(12)
  • $B!VFn6K0h$K$*$1$k5$8uJQF0$K4X$9$kAm9g8&5f!J(JACR$B!K!W7P2aJs9p!!;3Fb63(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J641-657$B!!(J(10)
  • $BFn6K@.AX7w$N%(%"%m%>%k$N5!G=!]%*%>%s%[!<%k$HJ*]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!4d:dBY?.(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J797-802$B!!(J(12)
$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B>]MWAG$N5(@aJQ2=$H5(@a6hJ,!]!!6aF#9,<#!&$B!!(J33$B!!(J151-156$B!!(J(4)
  • $B%i%$%@!<$K$h$kFn6K>$B!!(J34$B!!(J453-461$B!!(J(7)
  • $BFn6KEl%/%#!<%s%b!<%I%i%s%IA0?J5rE@$K$*$1$kL5?M5$>]4QB,!!5FCO;~IW!&KRLn>OHF(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J39-46$B!!(J(1)
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  • $BKL6K0h4QB,7W2h!J(JPOLEX-NORTH $B!K8=CO4QB,$"$l$3$l!!5FCO>!90(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J101-108$B!!(J(1)
  • $BBh(J4$B2s6K0h5$?e7w%7%s%]%8%&%`Js9p!!5$?e7w%7%s%]%8%&%`78(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J574$B!!(J(5)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!W!JBh(J1$B2s!K$NJs9p!!W"EDM&$[$+(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J586-587$B!!(J(9)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!W!JBh(J2$B2s!K$NJs9p!!6aF#=c@5$[$+(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J 128-129,132$B!!(J(3)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!WBh(J3$B2s$NJs9p!!0KF#J~G7$[$+(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J508-510$B!!(J(9)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!W!JBh(J4$B2s!K$NJs9p!!>.Ln1dM:$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J167-168$B!!(J(4)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!W!JBh(J5$B2s!K$NJs9p(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J413-415$B!!(J(8)
  • $B!V1R@14QB,$K$h$k6K0h$N1@$K4X$9$k%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W$NJs9p!!;3Fb63(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J635-636$B!!(J(12)
  • $BBh(J2$B2sFnH>5e$N5$>]9q:]2q5D$NJs9p!!OBED@?!&CiH-HK(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J243-244$B!!(J(4)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s!WJs9p!!(J2$B!!%b%s%9!<%s$N5(@aFbJQF0$HEl%"%8%"$N=[4D>l!!0B@.E/;0(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J689-692$B!!(J(11)
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  • Polar Ozone Workshop$B!J6K0h%*%>%s8&5f=82q!K;22CJs9p!!CiH-HK(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J707-708$B!!(J(12)
  • $B6K0h$K$*$1$k%*%>%sFC=8!J(JGRL$B!"(J1988$B!"(J8$B7n9f!K$N>R2p!!=)5H1Q<#(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J161-164$B!!(J(3)
  • $BCf9qFn6K4QB,9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`$K=P@J$7$F!!;3Fb63(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J559-560$B!!(J(9)
  • $BJ?@.85G/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V%*%>%sAX$N2J3X!]8=>u$H2]Bj!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!%*%>%sAX$NNO3X!!?@BtGn(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J25-31$B!!(J(1)
  • $B7nNc2q!VD94|M=Js$HBg5$Bg=[4D!W$NJs9p!!;3ED??8c$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J137-140$B!!(J(2)
  • $BI92OIw$OCk4V?a$/!!BgH*E/IW(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J169-170$B!!(J(3)
  • $BFn6K%*%>%s%[!<%k$H$N=P2q$$!!CiH-HK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J 393-396,411$B!!(J(6)
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  • $BFn6K6KLk$NG.%P%i%s%9!!;3Fb63(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J832-834$B!!(J(12)
  • $BCO5e5,LOJQF0$K$*$1$k6K0h$NLr3d$K4X$9$k9q:]2q5D$NJs9p!!EDCfGn$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J103-106$B!!(J(2)
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  • $B6K0h8&5fO"Mm2q(J1991$BG/=U5(8&5f2q!VKL6K7w$NBg5$4D6-!J(JI$B!K!WJs9p!!;3Fb63$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J783-784$B!!(J(12)
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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


107.$BG.BS5$>](J

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  • $BG.BS0h$K$*$1$kEl@>=[4D!&=`Dj>oD6D9GH$N^^5-G09V1i!]!!6b8w@5O:(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J77-90$B!!(J(2)
  • $BE_5($K$*$1$k(J30$B!](J60$BF|?6F0!]>^^5-G09V1i!]!!B<>eB?4nM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J419-430$B!!(J(9)
  • $BG.BSBg5$$N5(@aFbJQF0!]>]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!B<>e>!?M(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J497-505$B!!(J(10)
  • ENSO$B!J%(%k!&%K!<%K%g!?FnJ}?6F0!K$NA45eE*MMAj!]>]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!0B@.E/;0(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J507-513$B!!(J(10)
  • $B@VF;0h$K$*$1$kBg5$!&3$MN7k9g7O$NNO3X$K4X$9$k8&5f!]>]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J743-749$B!!(J(12)
  • $B%9!<%Q!<%/%i%9%?!<$HG.BSBg5,LOBPN.3hF0!]J?@.85G/EY;3K\>^^5-G09V1i!]!!Cf_7E/IW(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J215-220$B!!(J(4)
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  • $B@VF;@.AX7w2o2,9%;^(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J195-197$B!!(J(4)
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  • $B3$LL?e29$HD9GHJ|eB?4nM:(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J715-722$B!!(J(12)
  • $BG.BSB@J?MN$N3$LL?e29$H(J500mb$B9bEY>l$H$N4X78!!>.@t9L(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J281-289$B!!(J(5)
  • $B%(%k!&%K!<%K%gG/$NF|K\$NE78u$NFCD'!!5\:jJ]I'(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J489-498$B!!(J(8)
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  • $BB@J?MNG.BS3$0h$K$*$1$kBg5$6-3&AX$NG.<};Y!!GkLnC+@.FA!&F#C+FAG7=u(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J397-408$B!!(J(6)
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  • MONEX $B@.2L$K4X$9$k9q:]8&5f=82q!J%$%s%I%M%7%"!"(J1981$BG/(J10$B7n!K$NJs9p!!(JMONEX $B8&5fO"Mm2q(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J177-182$B!!(J(2)
  • $BG.BS5$>]3X$K4X$9$kCO0h2J3X2q5D$NJs9p!!AH?%0Q0w2q!!%W%m%0%i%`0Q0w2q!&$B!!(J30$B!!(J193-199$B!!(J(4)
  • $B%(%k!&%K!<%K%g!!;~2,C#;V(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J485$B!!(J(9)
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  • TOGA$B!J(JTropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere$B!K!aG.BS3$MN$*$h$SA45eBg5$JQF0$N8&5f7W2h$N8=>u$H:#8e$N?JE8$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J233-235$B!!(J(5)
  • $B!V(JMAP$B$K$*$1$k%l!<%@5;=QH/E8$H>-Mh$K$D$$$F$N%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W$NJs9p!!;3CfBg3X(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J431-434$B!!(J(9)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!5(@aFbJQF0$N%b%K%?%j%s%0!!2O8644M:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J515-519$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!(JENSO$B%b%G%k8&5f$N:G6a$NH/E8!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J519-522$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!(J30$B!](J40$BF|<~4|?6F0$K4X$9$k?tCMM2p(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J522-524$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG.BS$NBg5$$H3$MN!W$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!!V(JTOGA$B!W7W2h$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J525-526$B!!(J(10)
  • $B>>LnB@O:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J526-528$B!!(J(10)
  • $B!V%$%s%I!&%b%s%9!<%sD94|M=Js(J100$BG/!W5-G09q:]%;%_%J!<$K;22C$7$F!!0B@.E/;0!&7*86900l(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J529-536$B!!(J(10)
  • TOGA-SSG IV/V$B$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J115-117$B!!(J(2)
  • 30$B!A(J60$BF|<~4|JQF0$N$B!!(J34$B!!(J269-272$B!!(J(4)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s!WJs9p!!(J3$B!!Cf9q2+2ON.0h$N9_?eNL$NG/!9JQF0$H%"%8%"%b%s%9!<%s$H$N4X78!!EDCf$B!!(J34$B!!(J693-695$B!!(J(11)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s!WJs9p!!(J4$B!!(JJMA$B%b%G%k$K$h$kG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s$NM=Js$B!!(J34$B!!(J696-699$B!!(J(11)
  • $B%]%s%F%#%"%J%C%/K,Ld5-!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J723-724$B!!(J(11)
  • $BG.BS9_1+4QB,9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`!!CfB<7z<#!&?7EDR'(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J233-235$B!!(J(4)
  • $BG.BS$NHy5$>]$HBg5$1x@w$N9q:]2q5D$NJs9p!!LZB$B!!(J35$B!!(J551-553$B!!(J(9)
  • TRMM$B!JG.BS9_1+4QB,1R@17W2h!K!!CfB<7r<#(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J214$B!!(J(4)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V1@$HJ|$B!!(J36$B!!(J407-412$B!!(J(7)
  • $B%Q%@%s!&%V%-%F%#%s%.K,Ld5-!!;3CfBg3X!&CfB$B!!(J36$B!!(J650-652$B!!(J(10)
  • $B%9!<%Q!<%/%i%9%?!$B!!(J36$B!!(J743$B!!(J(12)
  • $B%i!&%K!<%K%c!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J4,17$B!!(J(1)
  • $B!V%b%s%9!<%s$K4X$9$k9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`!W$K;22C$7$F!!>>K\=_$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J389-392$B!!(J(6)
  • $B!V%$%s%I%M%7%"CO0h$K$*$1$k@VF;Bg5$4QB,$K4X$9$k9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`!W$NJs9p!!2CF#?J$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J477-482$B!!(J(7)
  • J-COARE$B!J@>B@J?MNBg5$3$MNAj8_:nMQ8&5f7W2h!K!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J616$B!!(J(9)
  • TOGA-COARE Workshop $B$H(J TOGA-SSG 9$B$NJs9p!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J773-774$B!!(J(11)
  • $BG.BS3$MN$HA45eBg5$!J(JTOGA$B!K$K4X$9$k9q:]8&5f=82q$K;22C$7$F!!0B@.E/;0$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J809-819$B!!(J(12)
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  • $BBh(J1$B2sJF9q(JTRMM$B!JG.BS9_1+4QB,1R@1!K7W2h2J3X%A!<%`2q5D!!?7EDR'(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J561-564$B!!(J(9)
  • $B!V%(%k%K!<%K%g!&FnJ}?6F0$K4X$9$kF|JF%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W!J(J1990$BG/(J9$B7n(J10$BF|!A(J14$BF|!"JF9q%7%"%H%k!K$K;22C$7$F!!Cf_7E/IW$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J623-627$B!!(J(10)
  • $B!V%$%s%I%M%7%"0h$K$*$1$k@VF;Bg5$4QB,$K4X$9$kBh(J3$B2s9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`!W$NJs9p!!DEEDIRN4$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J747-755$B!!(J(12)
  • $B%Z%k!<$+$iFO$$$?O@J8!!(J1982/83$BG/%(%k!&%K!<%K%g!&%$%Y%s%H;~$N%j%^>e6u$NBg5$$N1tD>9=B$!!9bC+H~@5(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J37-40$B!!(J(1)
  • $B!VBg5$!]3$MNAj8_:nMQ8&5f2q!W$NJs9p!!F#C+FAG7=u(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J303-304$B!!(J(5)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!!V%0%m!<%P%k?e=[4D$H%"%8%"!W!!(J2$B!!CO5e5$8u%7%9%F%`$K$*$1$k%"%8%"%b%s%9!<%s$NLr3d!!0B@.E/;0(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J401-408$B!!(J(7)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!!V%0%m!<%P%k?e=[4D$H%"%8%"!W!!(J4$B!!%"%8%"%b%s%9!<%s!]$=$N5$>]$H?M>]Iw7J!]!!B<>e>!?M(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J414-418$B!!(J(7)
  • $BCO5eOG@12J3X4XO"3X2q(J1992$BG/9gF1Bg2q!!6&:E%7%s%]%8%&%`!V@VF;Bg5$>e2<7k9g!W$NJs9p!!W"EDM&$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J457-458$B!!(J(8)
  • TOGA COARE International Project Office $B$N3hF0!!9uEDK';K(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J655-657$B!!(J(10)
  • $BG.BS$N5$>]$HF|K\$NE78u!!?7EDR'(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J769-773$B!!(J(12)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


1071.$BBfIw(J

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  • $BBfIw$NCf?45$05$NJQ2=$K@h9T$9$kBfIw6/EY<(?t$NJQ2=!!EgED7r;J!&MQ3-IRO:(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J59-62$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B2-Fl8)COJ}$KEA>5$5$l$kBfIwP]8A$N8+D>$7!!@PEg1Q(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J245-254$B!!(J(4)
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  • 1992$BG/(J1$B7n$KH/@8$7$?AP;RDc5$05!]5$>]D#A45eM=Js%b%G%k$K$h$kM=Js!]!!Fo>;;J(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J629-630$B!!(J(10)
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  • $B>w(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J400-405$B!!(J(8)
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  • INSAT $B$+$i$ND/$a!!]$4VF;IW(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J52$B!!(J(2)
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  • $B!IBfIw!I!]$=$N:G@94|$K$*$1$kFCD'$HM=B,$*$h$SKI:R$K$D$$$F!]$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!BfIw$N0\F0$HM=B,!J=1MhIQEY$NE}7WE*$J9M;!$r4^$`!K!!B<>>>HCK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J320-323$B!!(J(5)
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  • $B!IBfIw!I!]$=$N:G@94|$K$*$1$kFCD'$HM=B,$*$h$SKI:R$K$D$$$F!]$NJs9p!!F$O@$HAm9gF$O@!!@PEg1Q!&Cg5HNI8y(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J329-333$B!!(J(5)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


108.$BCfAXBg5$!J@.AX7w!&Cf4V7w!K(J

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  • MU$B%l!<%@!<$G4QB,$5$l$kBPN.7w5Z$S2Iw>qMp!](J1991$BG/EY;3K\!&@5LnO@J8>^^5-G09V1i!]!!:4F#70(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J337-346$B!!(J(6)
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  • 1989$BG/(J2$B7n$N@.AX7wBg5,LOFMA3>:29!!>eLnC#M:(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J591-595$B!!(J(9)
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  • IAGA/IAMAP $BCfAXBg5$%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!W"EDM&(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J621-622$B!!(J(11)
  • $B!V(JMAP$B$K$*$1$k%l!<%@5;=QH/E8$H>-Mh$K$D$$$F$N%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W$NJs9p!!;3CfBg3X(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J431-434$B!!(J(9)
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301.$BBg5$8u(J

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303.$B>.5$8u(J

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304.$BET;T5$8u(J

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306.$B5$8u$NJQF0(J

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  • $B3NN(E*5$>]M=B,$NLdBjE@!!0$It9nLi(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1061-1066$B!!(J(10)
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  • $BA45e2r@O!&M=Js%7%9%F%`$N$?$a$NA45e5$>]%G!<%?$N4pACE*D4::!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J53-72$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B29BSDc5$050\9T;~$NBfIw$NM=Jsl9g!]!!;01:?.CK(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J371-379$B!!(J(7)
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  • $BCO5e$N3Q1?F0NL<};Y$H%3%"!&%^%s%H%kHs7k9g!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCOD>5H(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J625-630$B!!(J(10)
  • $BA45e?tCMM=Js%b%G%k!J(JGSM$B!K9_?eNLM=A[$N8!>Z!]Cf9qNN0h$rBP>]$H$7$F!]!!B9D@@6(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J389-394$B!!(J(6)
  • $B%P%s%0%i%G%7%e$r=1$C$?%5%$%/%m%s!]5$>]D#A45eM=Js%b%G%k$K$h$kM=Js!]!!FoLZ>;;J(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J486-487$B!!(J(8)
  • $BCO5e<+E>B.EY$NIT5,B'JQF0$KBP$9$kBg5$$N4sM?!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCSD>5H(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J17-22$B!!(J(1)
  • $BG/<~6K1?F0$KBP$9$kIw$N4sM?!!5FCSD>5H!&FbF#7.IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J23-26$B!!(J(1)
  • $BHs@E?e05%M%9%F%#%s%0%b%G%k$K$h$k6ICOIw7O$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!!@FF#OBM:!&Cv@n856=(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J615-625$B!!(J(10)
  • 1992$BG/(J1$B7n$KH/@8$7$?AP;RDc5$05!]5$>]D#A45eM=Js%b%G%k$K$h$kM=Js!]!!Fo>;;J(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J629-630$B!!(J(10)
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  • $B>.5,LO$8$g$&Mp$K$D$$$F!W$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!%Y%j%#!&%U%!%$%s!&%a%C%7%e!&%b%G%k$N8=>u$HLdBjE@!!;34_JFFsO:(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J225-226$B!!(J(5)
  • WMO/IUGG$B!!C;!&Cf4|?tCMM=Js9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!Fs5\^+;0(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J637-639$B!!(J(12)
  • $B1+$NC;;~4VM=Js!!C]B<9TM:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J229-238$B!!(J(4)
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  • $B6ICO%b%G%k$K4X$9$k%_%K%o!<%/%7%g%C%W$NJs9p!!CfB<0l(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J239-241$B!!(J(4)
  • $BEl%"%8%"$NBg5$=[4D$K4X$9$k9q:]2q5D!]Cf9q!&@.ET!"(J1987$BG/(J4$B7n(J10$B!A(J15$BF|!]!!@u0fIZM:$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J509-515$B!!(J(8)
  • $B>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s!WJs9p!!(J4$B!!(JJMA$B%b%G%k$K$h$kG_1+$H%b%s%9!<%s$NM=Js$B!!(J34$B!!(J696-699$B!!(J(11)
  • CGFD$B$NLkL@$1!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J125$B!!(J(2)
  • $B:#!"1'Ch$HBgCO$N694V$G!!FbF#7.IW(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J305-306$B!!(J(5)
  • non-local closure$B!JHs6I=jE*%/%m!<%8%c!$B!!(J36$B!!(J688$B!!(J(11)
  • $B!IBfIw!I!]$=$N:G@94|$K$*$1$kFCD'$HM=B,$*$h$SKI:R$K$D$$$F!]$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!BfIw$N9=B$!JH/@8!"H/C#$N%7%_%e%l!]%7%g%s!"BfIw?tCMM=Js%b%G%k$r4^$`!K!!;3L(@55*(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J316-320$B!!(J(5)
  • $B%b%G%kBg5$$rGA$$$F$_$k$H!!2CF#@/>!(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J747-751$B!!(J(11)
  • $B5$>]D#$N?7$7$$A45eM=Js%b%G%k!!LZED=($B!!(J37$B!!(J112$B!!(J(2)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!(J2.$B!!=8Cf9k1+$NM=B,$K$D$$$F!!h_G<;{?.?r(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J288-294$B!!(J(5)
  • $BBg5$$ND9<~4|JQF0$H$=$NM=B,!!(JII.$BD94|M=Js!!?7EDR'!&O*LZ5A(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J453-455$B!!(J(7)
  • $B%a%=%9%1!<%k%G!<%?F12=$K4X$9$k(JNCAR$B2F4|%3%m%-%&%`;22CJs9p!!@DM|OB@5(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J64-71$B!!(J(1)
  • $B=ENOGH%I%i%C%0!!4d:j=S$B!!(J38$B!!(J603-604$B!!(J(9)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!!V%0%m!<%P%k?e=[4D$H%"%8%"!W!!(J5$B!!%b%G%j%s%0$NB&$+$i$N%3%a%s%H!!A}ED9L0l!&:4F#?.IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J419-420$B!!(J(7)
  • 3$B.NS$A$"$-!&GHB?Ln7rFs(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J$B%+%i!
  • $B!V7W;;5!$HBg5$2J3X!W!J(JCAS-92$B!K$K4X$9$k%7%s%]%8%&%`Js9p!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J725-726$B!!(J(12)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


402.$BBg5$1x@w(J

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  • $B%*!<%9%H%i%j%"$K$*$1$k%Y!<%9%i%$%sBg5$1x@w4QB,=j!!:4668,(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J291-300$B!!(J(6)
  • $BBPN.7w%$%*%s!]?7$7$$Bg5$2J3X$N;kE@!]!!@nK\MN?M!&>.@n=SM:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J5-21$B!!(J(1)
  • $BBg5$Cf$NC:;@%,%9G;EYJQF0$N9q:]Hf3S4QB,!J(J2$B!K%:%Y%K%4%m%I4QB,!!8wEDG+$[$+(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J411-415$B!!(J(7)
  • $BBg5$1x@w$ND95wN%M"Aw%b%G%k!!2,K\bC0l!&JRC+659'(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J461-478$B!!(J(8)
  • $BJ#;(CO7A>e$G$N3H;6%b%G%k$N3+H/$K$D$$$F!!2,K\bC0l!&1vBt@6LP(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J595-605$B!!(J(10)
  • $B3$>e$*$h$S1h4_CO0h$G$N3H;6%b%G%k!!2,K\bC0l!&1vBt@6LP(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J711-722$B!!(J(12)
  • $B;@@-1+$K4X$9$k:G6a$NOCBj!!Bg4nB?IR0l(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J581-590$B!!(J(9)
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  • $B%i%s%I%5%C%H$G8!=P$5$l$?$B!!(J31$B!!(J513-515$B!!(J(8)
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  • $BBg5$1x@w!!Bg4nB?IR0l(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J225-229$B!!(J(4)
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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


403.$B;:6H5$>](J

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  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J2$BJs!!CO7AJ,N`%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kB?D;R(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J376-384$B!!(J(8)
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  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J4$BJs!!3$4_N)COE@$K$*$1$kIw%(%M%k%.!<$NI>2AJ}K!!!668}>D;R(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J479-488$B!!(J(8)
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  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J6$BJs!!FbN&N)COE@$K$*$1$kIw%(%M%k%.!<$NI>2AJ}K!!!668}>D;R(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J23-31$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B@%8MBg66$K$*$1$kIw$NFC@-!!2#ED42?-(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J531-533$B!!(J(8)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


404.$B9R6u5$>](J

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  • $B%a%=5$>]3X$N3+Bs!](J1990$BG/EYF#86>^^5-G09V1i!]!!F#EDE/Li(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J803-807$B!!(J(12)
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  • 1983$BG/(J7$B7n(J27$BF|$KIY;36u9A$GH/@8$7$?(Jmicroburst$B!!Cf;3>O!&0K4X$B!!(J32$B!!(J329-332$B!!(J(6)
  • $B@.ED6u9A$N3jAvO)$K1h$C$?L8$NJ,I[!!F#ItJ8><(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J419-424$B!!(J(8)
  • $B9R6u5!$K$h$kIwB.$NB,Dj!!8wK\LP5-$[$+(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J497-506$B!!(J(9)
  • 1981$BG/(J5$B7n(J12$BF|$K1)ED6u9A$KH/@8$7$?(JLow Altitude Wind Shear $B!J(JLAWS$B!K$N2r@O!!Cf;3>O!&EOJUJ8M:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J615-624$B!!(J(10)
  • $B@2E7Mp5$N.$N?tCM%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!!1sJv5FO:$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J625-631$B!!(J(10)
  • $BCOI=EE3&CM$K$h$k9R6u5!$NHoMkKI;_K!!!1sJv5FO:$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J769-773$B!!(J(12)
  • $B;0BtHt9T>l$KL8$,?/F~$9$k:]$N5$29$N1tD>J,I[$H;~4VJQ2=$K$D$$$F!!1sJv5FO:$[$+(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J179-187$B!!(J(3)
  • $B8|$5$N$&$9$$4(5$$NA01oIt$N(JLow Altitude Wind Shear$B$N2r@O!!Cf;3>O!&7*;3M[0l(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J381-389$B!!(J(6)
  • $BN%N&3jAvCf$KAx6x$7$?%^%$%/%m!&%P!<%9%H$N2r@O!!Cf;3>O!&@D;32mE5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J421-429$B!!(J(6)
  • $B1)ED$GH/@8$7$?%@%&%s%P!<%9%H!J(J1987$BG/(J7$B7n(J25$BF|!K!!4d2<@2I'(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J279-290$B!!(J(5)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $BMp5$N.$NB?H/$9$k1@$N%Q%?!<%sNc!!$B!!(J29$B!!(J175-176$B!!(J(2)
  • $BBh(J3$B2s5$>]%l!<%@!<$HHt9T0BA4$K4X$9$k9q:]2q5D!]BfKL!"(J1990$BG/(J5$B7n(J10$B!A(J11$BF|!]!!D%@tM/(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J519-520$B!!(J(8)
  • $BBh(J25$B2s9q:]%l!<%@!<5$>]3X2q5D5Z$SBh(J4$B2s9q:]9R6u5$>]3X2q5DJs9p!!>eEDGn$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J199-204$B!!(J(4)
  • $BBh0l2s!V2P;33%$H9R6u5!9R9T$N0BA4$K4X$9$k9q:]%7%s%]%8%&%`!W!J(J1991$BG/(J7$B7n(J8$BF|!A(J12$BF|!"JF9q%o%7%s%H%s=#%7%"%H%k!K=P@JJs9p!!_7ED2DMN(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J267-270$B!!(J(5)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


405.$B3$MN5$>](J

$B!v2r@b(J
  • $B3$>e$*$h$S1h4_CO0h$G$N3H;6%b%G%k!!2,K\bC0l!&1vBt@6LP(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J711-722$B!!(J(12)
  • $BKLB@J?MN$NBg5,LO3$LL?e29JQF0$K4X$9$k8&5f!]J?@.85G/EYKYFb4p6b>)Ne>^^5-G09V1i!]!!2VNX8xM:(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J221-230$B!!(J(4)
$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B%*%[!<%D%/3$0h$K$*$1$kBg5$Cf$NG.<};Y$H2$B!!(J32$B!!(J425-433$B!!(J(8)
  • $BBfIw(J8506$B9f$K$h$k9bD,$HI{?6F0!!>.@>C#CK$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J263-270$B!!(J(6)
  • $BEl%7%J3$$K$*$1$k3$LLG.<};Y$N5(@aJQ2=!!@P0fE/M:!&6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J517-526$B!!(J(8)
  • $BE_4|F|K\3$$K$*$1$kBS>u1@$N%a%=9=B$!]7]D4::%0%k!<%W(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J237-248$B!!(J(4)
  • $B6|O)$N3$L8!!Bt0fE/<"(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J555-566$B!!(J(9)
  • $B3$LL?e29$HD9GHJ|eB?4nM:(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J715-722$B!!(J(12)
  • $BB@J?MNG.BS3$0h$K$*$1$kBg5$6-3&AX$NG.<};Y!!GkLnC+@.FA!&F#C+FAG7=u(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J397-408$B!!(J(6)
  • $B9R9TCf$NA%Gu$rMQ$$$?9-0h$N3$LL%U%i%C%/%9$NB,DjK!$K$D$$$F!!F#C+FAG7=u!&GkLnC+@.FA(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J441-447$B!!(J(7)
  • $B4J0WF|e$G$NF|$B!!(J38$B!!(J645-648$B!!(J(10)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!$^$($,$-!!5FCS>!90(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J343$B!!(J(8)
  • $B%i%8%*$?$s$Q!ID+$N3$>e5$>]!I$N:F3+$r5a$a$k!!4];37r?M(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J482$B!!(J(9)
  • $B7nNc2q!VFn6K7w$N5$>]!W!JBh(J4$B2s!K$NJs9p!!>.Ln1dM:$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J167-168$B!!(J(4)
  • TOGA$B!J(JTropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere$B!K!aG.BS3$MN$*$h$SA45eBg5$JQF0$N8&5f7W2h$N8=>u$H:#8e$N?JE8$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J233-235$B!!(J(5)
  • $B="9R$7$?D9:j3$MN5$>]Bf3$MN5$>]4QB,A%!VD9Iw4]!W!!5$>]D#3$MN5$>]It3$L32](J$B!!(J34$B!!(J408-410$B!!(J(6)
  • $B8E;v5-$K$_$k3$;v;WA[!!868+7IFs(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J527-528$B!!(J(8)
  • $BBg5$!]3$MNAj8_:nMQ$K4X$9$k%S%"%/%M%9%7%s%]%8%&%`!!?7EDR'$[$+(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J417-425$B!!(J(7)
  • $B3$LL?e29$H%a%=5$>]!!9S@n@50l(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J353-360$B!!(J(6)
  • OMLET$B!J3$MN:.9gAX$B!!(J36$B!!(J584-585$B!!(J(9)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


406.$B?eJ85$>](J

$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B;;=QJ?6QK!$K$h$kLL@QJ?6Q1+NL$N?dDj8m:9!!0BIYM5Fs(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J319-325$B!!(J(7)
  • $B>.$5$J%@%`$NN.NLJs9p$K4p$E$/D;3$;3$N;D@cN.=P2r@O!!EZ204`(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J590-594$B!!(J(12)
  • $BD;3$;3$N?<@cCOBS$K$*$1$k@Q@cDl$HEZ>mI=AX$N(J1986/87$B29EYDLG/4QB,!!EZ204`(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J129-136$B!!(J(2)
  • $BD;3$;3$K$*$1$k(J12000mm$B0J>e$NG/9_?eNL$K$D$$$F!!EZ204`(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J521-526$B!!(J(8)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VET;T2=$H:R32!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!ET;T2=$H9??e!!3Q20KS(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J91-94$B!!(J(3)
  • $B1+$NC;;~4VM=Js!!C]B<9TM:(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J229-238$B!!(J(4)
  • $B7nNc2q!VD94|M=Js$HBg5$Bg=[4D!W$NJs9p!!;3ED??8c$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J137-140$B!!(J(2)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


407.$B5$>]:R32(J

$B!v2r@b(J
  • $B5$>]:R32$rKI$0!](J30$BG/$NJb$_!]!!CfEgD*B@O:(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J461-470$B!!(J(8)
$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B#V;z7?$N1@%Q%?%s$HF|K\3$1h4_$NBg@c(J(II)$B!!FbED1Q<#(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J43-52$B!!(J(1)
  • $BElKLCOJ}B?COE@0l@FBg5,LO;3NS2P:R$rM6H/$7$?(J1983$BG/(J4$B7n(J37$BF|$N0[>o4%Ag6/Iw!J(J1$B!K!!6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J545-552$B!!(J(11)
  • $BElKLCOJ}B?COE@0l@FBg5,LO;3NS2P:R$rM6H/$7$?(J1983$BG/(J4$B7n(J27$BF|$N0[>o4%Ag6/Iw!J(J2$B!K!!6aF#=c@5!&7,7A91CK(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J37-44$B!!(J(1)
  • $BElKLCOJ}B?COE@0l@FBg5,LO;3NS2P:R$rM6H/$7$?(J1983$BG/(J4$B7n(J27$BF|$N0[>o4%Ag6/Iw!J(J3$B!K!!6aF#=c@5!&7,7A91CK(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J127-136$B!!(J(2)
  • $BCf9qCOJ}$K$*$1$kG_1+4|$N9k1+7ABV$H:R32$H$N4X78!!:,;3K'@2(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J633-637$B!!(J(10)
  • $B:G6a(J300$BG/4V$N2P;3GzH/$H0[>o5$>]!&Bg6':n!!6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J157-165$B!!(J(4)
  • $BBfIw(J8218$B9f$K$h$kElKLCOJ}$N;3$,$1Jx$l$H9_?eFC@-$H$NBP1~@-!!?eLnNL(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J573-580$B!!(J(10)
  • $B6/Iw:R32$r$b$?$i$7$?2<9_N.FMIw$N;vNc2r@O!!>.857ICK(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J633-642$B!!(J(10)
  • $BElKLCOJ}$K$*$1$k;3$,$1Jx$l32$NE}7WJ,@O!!?eLnNL(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J703-712$B!!(J(11)
  • 1986$BG/(J7$B7n(J10$BF|$B!!(J36$B!!(J207-213$B!!(J(4)
  • $BCfNd2F$N(J1988$BG/!]2a5n(J154$BG/4V$NNd2F(J18$B0L!"Hy1+4^$`1+F|?t(J1$B0L!]!!6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J515-517$B!!(J(8)
  • 1988$BG/(J7$B7n(J15$BF|$NIMED;TIU6a$N=8Cf9k1+$NFC@-!!IMED<~:n(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J527-530$B!!(J(8)
  • $BBfIw(J8712$B9f$G4QB,$5$l$?6/Iw$NFCD'!!9S@88xM:$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J305-314$B!!(J(5)
  • $BL8$rH<$&$d$^$;$N5$>]FC@-!!0f>e7/IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J459-467$B!!(J(8)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $BJF9q$K$*$1$k5$>]:R32$KBP$9$k?49=$($HJsF;!!IMEDCi><(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J185-193$B!!(J(2)
  • $B9k@c$N5!9=$K$D$$$F!!>>K\@?0l(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1041-1042$B!!(J(10)
  • $B9k@c$N%a%+%K%:%`$K$D$$$F!!=);39';R(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1042-1043$B!!(J(10)
  • $B$B!!(J29$B!!(J1044-1049$B!!(J(10)
  • 38$B9k@c5Z$S;3@c7?$NFCD'$K$D$$$F!!Fb;3J8IW(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1049-1050$B!!(J(10)
  • $B1R@12hA|$K$h$k$KF|K\3$$N9_@c1@$K4X$9$k:G6a$N8&5f!!1sF#C$M:(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1050-1052$B!!(J(10)
  • $B9_@Q@c>pJs%7%9%F%`$H9k@c!!LZB$B!!(J29$B!!(J1052-1057$B!!(J(10)
  • $BKLN&9k@c$"$l$3$l!!Hu8}7IFs(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1058-1059$B!!(J(10)
  • $B%*!<%9%H%i%j%"FbN&It$GZ]$P$D$NHo32?<9o!!!VE75$!WJT=80Q0w2q(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1220$B!!(J(12)
  • $B>w(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J400-405$B!!(J(8)
  • INSAT $B$+$i$ND/$a!!]$4VF;IW(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J52$B!!(J(2)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VET;T2=$H:R32!W$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!9bEY>pJs2=;~Be$K$*$1$k5$>]6HL3$N>-MhE8K>!!8TLn9(;V(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J89-91$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VET;T2=$H:R32!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!ET;T2=$H9??e!!3Q20KS(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J91-94$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VET;T2=$H:R32!W$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!ET;T2=$HIw:R32!!8wEDG+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J94-99$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>$B!!(J33$B!!(J99-101$B!!(J(3)
  • $B$B!!(J33$B!!(J514$B!!(J(10)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!V=8Cf9k1+!W$NJs9p!!(J3.$B!!=8Cf9k1+$N>pJs$HKI:R!!5H_7Gn(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J294-301$B!!(J(5)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


408.$B@85$>](J

$B!v2r@b(J
  • $BG>B4Cf$H5$8u!&?M9)5$8u!!Lb;3@/;R(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J659-670$B!!(J(11)
$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B%a%K%(!<%kIBH/:n$N5$>]3XE*9M;!!!;3$B!!(J31$B!!(J363-368$B!!(J(6)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $B?y2VJ4$H5$>]!!:,K\=$(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J171-178$B!!(J(3)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!N&>e@8BV7O!!5Z@nIp5W(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J728-731$B!!(J(11)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!EZ>m@8BV7O$+$iJ|=P$5$l$kHyNL29<<8z2L%,%9!!8$IzOBG7!&EZ4o20M35*;R(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J731-736$B!!(J(11)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


409.$BG@6H5$>](J

$B!vO@J8(J
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J1$BJs!!Iw%(%M%k%.!<$NI=8=K!$H$=$N4pACE*2r@O!!668}>D;R(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J367-375$B!!(J(8)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J2$BJs!!CO7AJ,N`%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kB?D;R(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J376-384$B!!(J(8)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J3$BJs!!3F4QB,COE@$NIw%(%M%k%.!D;R(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J471-478$B!!(J(8)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J4$BJs!!3$4_N)COE@$K$*$1$kIw%(%M%k%.!<$NI>2AJ}K!!!668}>D;R(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J479-488$B!!(J(8)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J5$BJs!!CO7AJ,N`%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kB?D;R(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J695-700$B!!(J(11)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J6$BJs!!FbN&N)COE@$K$*$1$kIw%(%M%k%.!<$NI>2AJ}K!!!668}>D;R(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J23-31$B!!(J(1)
  • $BG@6HMxMQ$K$*$1$k>.5,LOIw%(%M%k%.!<$N%a%C%7%e%G!<%?$K$h$kI>2AJ}K!$N8&5f!!Bh(J7$BJs!!Iw%(%M%k%.!D;R(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J73-77$B!!(J(2)
  • $B:G6a(J300$BG/4V$N2P;3GzH/$H0[>o5$>]!&Bg6':n!!6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J157-165$B!!(J(4)
  • $B:G6a(J150$BG/4V$NElKLCOJ}$K$*$1$kJF<}NL!J:n67;X?t!K$H2F$NJ?6Q5$29$H$N4X78!!6aF#=c@5(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J363-369$B!!(J(7)
  • $BL8$rH<$&$d$^$;$N5$>]FC@-!!0f>e7/IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J459-467$B!!(J(8)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $BD;>ED>$B!!(J37$B!!(J71-74$B!!(J(1)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VC:AG=[4D$NFf$r9M$($k!]2=@PG3NA$+$i=P$?(JCO2$B$O$I$3$X9T$C$?$+!W$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!@8J*7w$O%=!<%9$+%7%s%/$+!!5Z@nIp5W(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J142-146$B!!(J(3)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


410.$B;33Y5$>](J

$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B2F4|D+$N;3D:$H<+M3Bg5$$H$N5$29:9!!>.O)@590(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J24-30$B!!(J(1)
  • $B;33Y$d;3$"$$$NCO>eIwB.$K5Z$\$9CO7A$N1F6A!!2.LnC+@.FA$[$+(J$B!!(J31$B!!(J497-505$B!!(J(8)
  • $BCO0h5$>]M=CN$N$?$a$N;3D:Iw$NMxMQ!!7,7A91CK$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J207-215$B!!(J(5)
  • $BD;3$;3$N?<@cCOBS$K$*$1$k@Q@cDl$HEZ>mI=AX$N(J1986/87$B29EYDLG/4QB,!!EZ204`(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J129-136$B!!(J(2)
  • $BD;3$;3$K$*$1$k(J12000mm$B0J>e$NG/9_?eNL$K$D$$$F!!EZ204`(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J521-526$B!!(J(8)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • $BF|K\$N;33Y5$>]!!HSEDKS$B!!(J29$B!!(J91-100$B!!(J(1)
  • $BIY;N;3$3$\$lOC!!;V:jBg:v(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J481-489$B!!(J(8)
  • $B%"%k%Q%$%s5$>]$N9q:]8&5f=82q$K;22C$7$F!!@PEg1Q(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J760-762$B!!(J(12)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=)5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!!V%0%m!<%P%k?e=[4D$H%"%8%"!W!!(J1$B!!%"%8%"9b;3@cI97w$H?e=[4D!!>eEDK-(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J398-401$B!!(J(7)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


411.$B?"J*$H5$>](J

$B!v2r@b(J
  • $B8&5f%l%S%e!xH/;6$NI>2A!W!!@nEgLP?M(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J351-362$B!!(J(6)
$B!vO@J8(J
  • $B?9NS$B!!(J38$B!!(J123-127$B!!(J(2)
  • $B9-0hN&LL$N>xH/!]8&5f$N;X?K!]!!6aF#=c@5!&EOJUNO(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J699-710$B!!(J(11)
  • $B?9NS$K$*$1$k9_1+$NxH/$N%b%G%k7W;;!!6aF#=c@5$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J159-167$B!!(J(3)
  • $BF|K\3FCO$N?9NS>xH/;6NL$NG.<};YE*I>2A!!6aF#=c@5$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J685-695$B!!(J(11)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • IGBP/Study of Global Change$B!!@u0fIZM:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J275-276$B!!(J(6)
  • $B?y2VJ4$H5$>]!!:,K\=$(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J171-178$B!!(J(3)
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  • $B!IBfIw!I!]$=$N:G@94|$K$*$1$kFCD'$HM=B,$*$h$SKI:R$K$D$$$F!]$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!BfIw$N0\F0$HM=B,!J=1MhIQEY$NE}7WE*$J9M;!$r4^$`!K!!B<>>>HCK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J320-323$B!!(J(5)
  • $B!IBfIw!I!]$=$N:G@94|$K$*$1$kFCD'$HM=B,$*$h$SKI:R$K$D$$$F!]$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!BfIw$N6/Iw$N@-$B!!(J37$B!!(J324-328$B!!(J(5)
  • $B;385N6;0O:;a$N2r@b!VCO5e29CH2=$N$B!!(J37$B!!(J545-546$B!!(J(8)
  • WAVELET $B2r@O!!;3EDF;IW(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J366-367$B!!(J(6)
  • $B%U%!%8%#!&%/%i%9%?%j%s%0!!F#ItJ8><(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J97-99$B!!(J(2)
  • $BBh(J5$B2sE}7W5$8u3X9q:]8&5f=82q$NJs9p!!EDCfGn!&KL@n8;;MO:(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J719-722$B!!(J(12)


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  • $Bl"$(OC$"$l$3$l!]5$>]3X9V5AM>CL=8!]!!W"EDM&(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J603-610$B!!(J(10)
  • $B6ICO%9%Z%/%H%k%b%G%k$N3+H/!](J1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q>^^5-G09V1i!]!!C'J]IW(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J781-795$B!!(J(12)
  • $BMpN.$N%i!<%8!&%(%G%#!&%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$K$D$$$F!!KYFb7i(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J683-697$B!!(J(11)
$B!vO@J8(J
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  • CGFD$B$NLkL@$1!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J125$B!!(J(2)
  • $B@c7k>=$N7ABV7A@.$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!!9uEDEP;VM:!&2#;31YO:(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J207-210$B!!(J(3)
  • $B5$>]D#$N?7$7$$A45eM=Js%b%G%k!!LZED=($B!!(J37$B!!(J112$B!!(J(2)
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  • $BMpN.6-3&AXCf$NMp$l$N8:?j$H$=$N3H;6$X$N1F6A!JIwF6$B!!(J32$B!!(J511-522$B!!(J(9)
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  • $BJ#;(CO7A>e$N5$N.$NMpN.FC@-!]Ln304QB,$HIwF6$B!!(J37$B!!(J171-183$B!!(J(3)
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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


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  • TRMM$B!JG.BS9_1+4QB,1R@17W2h!K!!CfB<7r<#(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J214$B!!(J(4)
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  • Saturation Point$B!JK0OBE@!K!!!!CfB<98;0(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J340$B!!(J(6)
  • COADS$B!JAm9g3$MN5$>]%G!<%?%;%C%H!K!!9>8}0lJ?(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J468$B!!(J(7)
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  • NEXRAD$B!J]%l!<%@!$B!!(J36$B!!(J663$B!!(J(10)
  • non-local closure$B!JHs6I=jE*%/%m!<%8%c!$B!!(J36$B!!(J688$B!!(J(11)
  • $B%9!<%Q!<%/%i%9%?!$B!!(J36$B!!(J743$B!!(J(12)
  • $B%i!&%K!<%K%c!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J4, 17$B!!(J(1)
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  • S-VISSR$B!J%9%H%l%C%A%I!!(JVISSR$B!K!!C]Fb5AL@(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J160$B!!(J(3)
  • $B29<<8z2L5$BN!!Aa:dCiM5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J260, 264$B!!(J(4)
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  • $BK=Av29<<8z2L!!0$ItK-(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J351-352$B!!(J(5)
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  • JGOFS$B!J(JJoint Global Ocean Flux Study$B!K!!>.CSR.IW(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J709-710$B!!(J(10)
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  • ECLIPS$B!!CfB<98;0(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J92$B!!(J(2)
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  • $B%(%-%9%Q!<%H%7%9%F%`!!Ln8}Zi9'(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J335-336$B!!(J(5)
  • WAVELET $B2r@O!!;3EDF;IW(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J366-367$B!!(J(6)
  • $B%f%K%G!<%?!!EDCfGn(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J448$B!!(J(7)
  • $B%b%I%s!!6b5WGnCi(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J504-505$B!!(J(8)
  • $B=ENOGH%I%i%C%0!!4d:j=S$B!!(J38$B!!(J603-604$B!!(J(9)
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  • $B<}B+1@BS!JBS>u<}B+1@!K!!1JED2m(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J698$B!!(J(11)
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  • $B>.AR;a$N!V<}B+1@BS!W$K$D$$$F$N%3%a%s%H$KBP$9$k2sEz!!1JED2m(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J205-206$B!!(J(4)
  • $B!V<}B+1@BS!JBS>u<}B+1@!K!W$N0lItD{@5!!1JED2m(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J217$B!!(J(4)
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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


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$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


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  • $B$o$,9q$N5$8uJQF08&5f7W2h!J(JWCRP$B!K!!(J4$B!"5$8u%b%G%j%s%0!!@$3&5$8u>.0Q0w2q(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J509-514$B!!(J(5)
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  • NSSL$B!J(JNOAA/ERL$B!K$KBZ:_$7$F!!>eEDGn(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J201-206$B!!(J(4)
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  • $BE7J8Bf$N5$>]Bf(J90$BG/$N$"$f$_!J=E?n<05$057W$r$4B8$8$G$9$+!K!!5FCOD>5H(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J715-716$B!!(J(11)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


12.$BD69bAXBg5$(J

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  • $BCfAXBg5$!&D69bAXBg5$8&5f!'(J21$B@$5*$X$NE8K>!!?;0lO:$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J257-273$B!!(J(5)
$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • SCOSTEP$B?35D2q(J/MAP$B0Q0w2q!"Bh(J6$B2s!!(JSTP$B%7%s%]%8%&%`$*$h$SBh(J26$B2s!!(JCOSPAR$BAm2q$NJs9p!!2CF#?J$[$+(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J23-26$B!!(J(1)
  • $BCO5eOG@12J3X4XO"3X2q(J1992$BG/9gF1Bg2q!!6&:E%7%s%]%8%&%`!V@VF;Bg5$>e2<7k9g!W$NJs9p!!W"EDM&$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J457-458$B!!(J(8)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


13.$B3$MN(J

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  • $B5$8u3X$NH/E8!!;385N6;0O:(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J587-593$B!!(J(6)
  • $B$o$,9q$N5$8uJQF08&5f7W2h!J(JWCRP$B!K!!(J5$B!"3$MN4QB,!!@$3&5$8u>.0Q0w2q(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J595-603$B!!(J(6)
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  • $BCO5e2sE>$HBg5$3$MNNO3X!]$=$N?7$7$$O"7H!]!!FbF#7.IW(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J291-311$B!!(J(5)
  • $BKLB@J?MN$NBg5,LO3$LL?e29JQF0$K4X$9$k8&5f!]J?@.85G/EYKYFb4p6b>)Ne>^^5-G09V1i!]!!2VNX8xM:(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J221-230$B!!(J(4)
  • $B5$8u29CH2=$KH<$&3$LL?e0L$N>e>:$K$D$$$F!!<~El7r;0(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J77-91$B!!(J(2)
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  • $B>>;39A$N82CxI{?6F0!!@>K\MNAj!&7*NS0oIW(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J625-632$B!!(J(6)
  • $BF|K\$N2F5(5$29$H@>ItG.BSB@J?MN0h$N3$?e29$H$N4X78!!7*86900l(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J407-417$B!!(J(8)
  • $BBfIw(J8506$B9f$K$h$k9bD,$HI{?6F0!!>.@>C#CK$[$+(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J263-270$B!!(J(6)
  • $B3$LL?e29$HD9GHJ|eB?4nM:(J$B!!(J35$B!!(J715-722$B!!(J(12)
  • $BCO5e$N3Q1?F0NL<};Y$H%3%"!&%^%s%H%kHs7k9g!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCOD>5H(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J625-630$B!!(J(10)
  • $BCO5e<+E>B.EY$NIT5,B'JQF0$KBP$9$kBg5$$N4sM?!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCSD>5H(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J17-22$B!!(J(1)
  • $BG/<~6K1?F0$KBP$9$kIw$N4sM?!!5FCSD>5H!&FbF#7.IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J23-26$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B3$$NGH$NOC!!>.LnED?N(J$B!!(J29$B!!(J1067-1080$B!!(J(10)
  • $B5$8uJQF0$H3$MN$K4X$9$k8&5f$N:G6a$NF08~!J(J3$B!K!](JWCRP $BBg5,LO3$MN$B!!(J29$B!!(J1081-1091$B!!(J(10)
  • $BBh(J3$B2sCO5eN.BN2F$N%;%_%J!<$NJs9p!]CO5eN.BN$K$*$1$k2r$NB?=E@-$HJ,4t!]!!Bh(J4$BIt!!9uD,$NED1QCK$[$+(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J128-131$B!!(J(3)
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!$^$($,$-!!5FCS>!90(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J343$B!!(J(8)
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!(J1$B!!%*%[!<%D%/3$$N3$I9J,I[$H$=$NJQ2=!!@V@n@5?C(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J343-345$B!!(J(8)
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!(J2$B!!N.I94QB,%l!<%@$K$h$k3$I9$NF0BV!!@PED40(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J346-349$B!!(J(8)
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!%*%[!<%D%/3$$NKL3$F;$N5$>]$X$N1F6A!!Bg@nN4(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J350-355$B!!(J(8)
  • $B>]$H3$I9!W$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!Bg5$$H3$I9$NAj8_:nMQ!VBg5$Bg=[4D$X$N1F6A!W!!JR;3><(J$B!!(J30$B!!(J355-364$B!!(J(8)
  • $B3$MNBg=[4D$B!!(J30$B!!(J519-524$B!!(J(10)
  • $B9uD,N.0h$N3$LL?e29J,I[!!>>D99bM:(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J96$B!!(J(2)
  • $B3$MNBg=[4D$B!!(J32$B!!(J143-147$B!!(J(3)
  • $B3$I90h$K$*$1$k3+?eLL!!@V@n@5?C(J$B!!(J32$B!!(J281-283$B!!(J(5)
  • TOGA$B!J(JTropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere$B!K!aG.BS3$MN$*$h$SA45eBg5$JQF0$N8&5f7W2h$N8=>u$H:#8e$N?JE8$K$D$$$F!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J233-235$B!!(J(5)
  • $B>>LnB@O:(J$B!!(J33$B!!(J526-528$B!!(J(10)
  • $B5$8u8&5f$N$?$a$N1R@14QB,%7%9%F%`$K4X$9$k:n6H0Q0w2q(J(JSC/CCCO WGSOS)$BBh(J4$B2s2q5DJs9p!!B<;3?.I'(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J317-320$B!!(J(5)
  • TOGA-SSG-VII$B!!Js9p!!=;L@@5(J $B!!(J 35 745-746,708(12)
  • COADS$B!JAm9g3$MN5$>]%G!<%?%;%C%H!K!!9>8}0lJ?(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J468$B!!(J(7)
  • OMLET$B!J3$MN:.9gAX$B!!(J36$B!!(J584-585$B!!(J(9)
  • $B%i!&%K!<%K%c!!;37A=SCK(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J4,17$B!!(J(1)
  • $BFnH>5e$N5$>]$H3$MN$K4X$9$kBh(J3$B2s9q:]2q5D$NJs9p!!54F,>$B!!(J37$B!!(J245-247$B!!(J(4)
  • J-COARE$B!J@>B@J?MNBg5$3$MNAj8_:nMQ8&5f7W2h!K!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J616$B!!(J(9)
  • JGOFS$B!J(JJoint Global Ocean Flux Study$B!K!!>.CSR.IW(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J709-710$B!!(J(10)
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!3$MN%W%i%s%/%H%s!!;{:j@?(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J741-745$B!!(J(11)
  • TOGA-COARE Workshop $B$H(J TOGA-SSG 9$B$NJs9p!!=;L@@5(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J773-774$B!!(J(11)
  • WOCE$B!J@$3&3$MN=[4D$B!!(J37$B!!(J775-556$B!!(J(11)
  • $BG.BS3$MN$HA45eBg5$!J(JTOGA$B!K$K4X$9$k9q:]8&5f=82q$K;22C$7$F!!0B@.E/;0$[$+(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J809-819$B!!(J(12)
  • $BBh(J22$B2s3$MNN.BNNO3X%j%'!<%8%e9q:]%3%m%-%&%`!JI93$$HI91o0h!'J*M}!"2=3X!"@8J*=t2aDx$HAj8_:nMQ!K$K;22C$7$F!!Gr_7K.CK(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J33-34$B!!(J(1)
  • $B!V%(%k%K!<%K%g!&FnJ}?6F0$K4X$9$kF|JF%o!<%/%7%g%C%W!W!J(J1990$BG/(J9$B7n(J10$BF|!A(J14$BF|!"JF9q%7%"%H%k!K$K;22C$7$F!!Cf_7E/IW$[$+(J$B!!(J38$B!!(J623-627$B!!(J(10)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VC:AG=[4D$NFf$r9M$($k!]2=@PG3NA$+$i=P$?(JCO2$B$O$I$3$X9T$C$?$+!W$NJs9p!!(J4$B!!3$MNCf$N@8J*!&CO5e2=3X2aDx!!H>EDD*I'(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J146-156$B!!(J(3)
  • 1991$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`!VC:AG=[4D$NFf$r9M$($k!]2=@PG3NA$+$i=P$?(JCO2$B$O$I$3$X9T$C$?$+!W$NJs9p!!(J5$B!!3$MNBg=[4D!]CfAX?e$NLr3d!!?y%N86?-IW(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J156-158$B!!(J(3)
  • TOGA COARE International Project Office $B$N3hF0!!9uEDK';K(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J655-657$B!!(J(10)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


14.$BB,CO(J

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  • $B9q:]B,CO3XCO5eJ*M}3XO"9gBh(J20$B2sAm2qJs9p!]%&%#!<%s!"(J1991$BG/(J8$B7n!]!!@u0fIZM:$[$+(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J5-15$B!!(J(1)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


15.$BCOM}(J

$B!v$=$NB>(J
  • 1990$BG/EYF|K\5$>]3X2q=U5(Bg2q%7%s%]%8%&%`$NJs9p!!(J3$B!!1J5WE`EZ$H5$8u!!J!ED@58J(J$B!!(J37$B!!(J736-741$B!!(J(11)


$BJ,N`I=$KLa$k(J


16.$B8GBNCO5e(J

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  • $BCO5e$N3Q1?F0NL<};Y$H%3%"!&%^%s%H%kHs7k9g!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCOD>5H(J$B!!(J36$B!!(J625-630$B!!(J(10)
  • $BCO5e<+E>B.EY$NIT5,B'JQF0$KBP$9$kBg5$$N4sM?!!FbF#7.IW!&5FCSD>5H(J$B!!(J39$B!!(J17-22$B!!(J(1)
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  • $B:#!"1'Ch$HBgCO$N694V$G!!FbF#7.IW(J$B!!(J34$B!!(J305-306$B!!(J(5)


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